ABSTRACT—This paper describes the in situ treatment of two historic wallpapers in the Longfellow National Historic Site, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The papers, hung in the dining room and parlor, were machine printed. They were installed during the 1880's and between 1844–46, respectively. The defects and deterioration problems are discussed. These include: structural defects involving the plaster and its foundation; support defects; design layer defects; and surface accretions, coating and overpaint. Then, the treatment steps are discussed. These include: structural consolidation; consolidation of the support; cleaning; compensation of support and design; and application of a protective barrier.

1 INTRODUCTION

DURING the summer of 1977, three graduate fellows from the Winterthur/University of Delaware Art Conservation Program, Laura Juszczak, P. Christine King Young and I, conserved the wallpaper in the dining room and parlor of the Longfellow National Historic Site in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Anne Clapp, Paper Conservator of the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum, surveyed the wallpaper prior to the project. Based on her survey, it was decided to treat the paper in situ. In many areas, the wallpapers, which were not backed, were so firmly adhered that removal would have created too high a risk of damage. Also time constraints favored in situ treatment.

Both of the wallpapers were machine printed. The dining room wallpaper, installed during the 1880's, shows the influence of Charles Eastlake, the Victorian aesthete. It contains a stylized floral design printed in brown paint with a linear background ornamentation of gold metallic paint. The support is rag paper, composed primarily of linen fibers. The parlor paper, supposedly selected by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's wife, Fanny, was installed sometime between 1844 and 1846 following their 1843 wedding. Its naturalistic design, characteristic of the Roccoco Revival, contains a large floral pattern printed primarily in red, green and grey balanced by grey and white ribbon scrolling. Its support is composed of bast fibers, probably hemp or ramie. This paper was hung over an older paper of Chinese origin which depicts a landscape. The chief pigment used in the older paper's design was malachite, and paper mulberry fibers comprise its support.

2 DEFECTS AND DETERIORATION PROBLEMS

NUMEROUS DEFECTS and deterioration problems plagued the wallpapers: structural defects involving the plaster and its foundation; support defects; design layer defects; and surface accretions, coating and overpaint.

Insecurities in the plaster support were most critical in the dining room, where the plaster had detached from the laths in several places. Holes in the plaster from nails and screws were numerous in both rooms. Each paper was extremely fragile and brittle. Losses and tears in the paper supports, often occurring along plaster cracks and cleavage sites, were numerous (Figs. 1 and 2). Extensive cleavage between the layers of wallpaper was a significant problem in the parlor (Fig. 2).1 Losses in the design area of the parlor paper resulted primarily from external forces such as abrasion from furniture movement.

Fig. 1. Dining room paper before treatment. Raking light detail of tears, losses, blind cleavage, and holes in the plaster.

Fig. 2. Parlor paper before treatment. Detached flap exposing underlying paper. Tears in paper along plaster cracks evident in area left of flap. Waterstaining along top edge.

Water damage caused by a leaky roof stained the paper, especially at the corners. Heavy dirt and soot accumulations from coal heating vents collected on the paper in all areas not covered by a work of art or a piece of furniture (Fig. 3). The pictures seem to have protected the paper to a certain extent. In the dining room, additional staining and darkening resulted from the uneven varnish coating. In areas where the furniture sat against the wall, staining from furniture polish also resulted (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3. Parlor paper before treatment. Heavy dirt and soot accumulation. Design loss from furniture abrasion at lower left.

Fig. 4. Dining room before treatment. Uneven varnish coating and staining from furniture polish.

3 TREATMENT

THEin situ treatment involved the following steps: 1) structural consolidation; 2) consolidation of the support; 3) cleaning; 4) compensation of the support and design; and 5) application of a protective barrier.

I shall begin by describing the treatment of the dining room wallpaper. The first step after preparing condition reports and photo documentation involved structural repairs. Plaster detached from the laths was re-adhered using an acrylic latex copolymer masonry binder, “Acryl 60.”2 This was applied by means of a large syringe inserted through holes in the plaster. After application, pressure was then applied to the wall to insure contact between the plaster and the laths.3 The cracks and holes were filled with a 1:1 mixture of fine sand and lime. Damaged plaster which had caused holes or tears in the wallpaper was, of course, readily detectable. But when the crack or hole was covered by the paper, it could only be detected under close visual and tactile examination of the wall surface. When the hole or crack was concealed, it was exposed before filling, by incising the paper along pattern lines and peeling the paper back.

Before consolidating the support, we carefully surface cleaned the paper by vacuuming the wall with a brush attachment through a plasticized fiberglas screen. This removed some of the dust, dirt and other accumulations that could have become lodged in the paper during consolidation.

After completion of vacuuming and structural repairs, the tears and areas of cleavage were consolidated with a 1:1 mixture of wheat starch paste and methyl cellulose made up according to the packages' directions. We used proprietary products because we wanted a paste that would be easy to obtain, easy to make and, due to the quantities needed, not terribly expensive. We had tested these products prior to the start of the project.4 The adhesive's consistency was adjusted according to circumstances.

Several techniques were used to consolidate the paper support. Where the paper was torn and the wall exposed, the paste was brushed directly on the wall. Pieces of plaster often accumulated in the bottom of the tears so these areas were cleaned before adhering dislodged flaps to avoid piercing the paper. When there was no area of exposed wall and blind cleavage was detected by the use of raking light and by the emission from the wall of a hollow sound when tapped, the wall was exposed by incising the paper following the design pattern and opening the flap with a spatula. The wall was then cleaned with an airbulb, paste was applied to the wall with a brush, the flap was re-attached to the wall, and the area around the incision was blotted with a cotton ball to absorb any excess paste or moisture. This helped prevent staining. The alternative method utilized spinal tap and butterfly needles5 to inject paste into closed cleavage pockets. The detached areas were then re-attached by gentle pressing with a cotton ball. The butterfly needle was especially useful when working in corners. Old patches were also removed at this time with scalpels and moist swabs.

After consolidation of the paper support, the wallpaper was cleaned. The dark, uneven, discolored, resinous coating was removed with acetone and large cotton swabs6(Figs. 4 and 5). During cleaning, the over-paint was also removed.

Fig. 5. Same wall as Figure 4 after cleaning of the uneven varnish coating and staining from furniture polish.

After cleaning, the support and design were compensated. Losses in the support were repaired by inserting a paper of similar texture and thickness. The paper was first toned with watercolor to approximate the background color of the wallpaper. The outline of the loss was recorded by placing a piece of paper over the loss and tracing its contour. The tracing paper was then placed on top of the insert paper and the outline of the loss was transferred to the insert paper by perforating it with a probe. The perforations were then scored with a scalpel and feathertorn. The inserts were applied to the wall with a methyl cellulose/wheat starch paste mixture. The design motifs, which were easily reproducible due to the repeats, were penciled in and inpainted with watercolors. The background color was more accurately toned at this point (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. One of the walls in the dining room after treatment.

The treatment of the parlor wallpaper basically followed the same steps as that of the dining room paper. Variations did occur along each step. The first step, that of structural repairs, was a very minor one. Only holes in the plaster needed to be filled. Again this was done with the 1:1 mixture of sand and lime.

After carefully vacuuming through a plasticized fiberglas screen, the mildly flaking paint layer was consolidated with a brush coat of gelatin. Testing prior to the consolidation showed that solvent cleaning could be successfully accomplished through the gelatin layer.

Consolidation of the paper support followed consolidation of the paint layer. This process was complicated by the fact that the paper was multi-layered and cleavage had occurred not only between the wall and the paper, but between the layers of the papers. In some areas, the two papers were still adhered. However, when re-adhering the bottom layer to the wall, separation between the layers would occur due to the action of the moisture of the paste on the water soluble adhesive used to attach the upper paper. Because syringes were used, the moisture could not be blotted out. The consolidation sequence was such that the bottom layer was first attached to the wall and then the top layer of the paper was re-adhered to the lower layer. The syringe was the most valuable tool when dealing with the consolidation of layered papers. A methyl cellulose/wheat starch paste was used as the adhesive.

The paper along the baseboards and parts of the upper molding was lifted and a strip of mulberry paper approximately six inches wide was pasted to the wall. The wallpaper was then pasted to the mulberry paper. This was done to give the paper support and to provide that the extremely fragile paper would not have to conform to the sharp angles of the molding. The mulberry paper provided a smoother transition to the baseboard molding.

Large detached pieces of the wallpaper were backed with Japanese paper before re-adhering to the wall. One flap was re-attached to the wall with hinges in order to permit viewing of the handpainted Chinese paper below. This flap, located behind a desk, will be accessible for study purposes.

Following the consolidation, the paper was cleaned. A 9% solution of ammonia was used in the white areas. Acetone and a hexane/methyl ethyl ketone mixture were used on the rest of the paper.

Once cleaning was completed, design and support compensation were started. Three methods were used. Small losses were inserted in a manner similar to that used in the dining room. Areas of exposed mulberry paper along the baseboards were sized with gelatin and inpainted with watercolors. Patches for large losses were inserted using aforementioned techniques and reproduction wallpaper which had previously been made from this room.8 These inserts were then toned with watercolor.

As a final step, both sets of wallpaper were given a protective coating of Acryloid B-72 in toluene. Because it originally had a semi-gloss surface, the dining room was brush coated with a 12 1/2% solution. The parlor was brush coated with a 4% solution. This coating was applied to give the paper protection from dirt, airborn plaster and sawdust that would result from the continuing restoration of these two rooms and the rest of the house over the next five years.

4 CONCLUSION

THEin situ treatment detailed above stabilized the wallpapers and improved their appearance. Because of the treatment, it was possible to retain the wallpaper as an integral part of the house, and in this respect, the treatment was quite successful.

The parlor paper was the more deteriorated of the two papers. Deterioration, especially that caused by staining and soiling, was so advanced by the onset of treatment that irreversible damage had occurred. The main goal with this room was to preserve the paper as much as possible. That goal was attained. From an aesthetic viewpoint, the appearance of the paper also was improved. However, this improvement can only be termed comparative. It still remained quite discolored, lacking its original crispness. The visual improvement of the dining room paper after treatment was more pronounced.

The treatment was accomplished during an eight-week period by three full time conservators. Members of the curatorial staff, acting in a paraprofessional capacity, assisted with various steps. It was feasible to integrate such work with the operation of the house without total disruption. Except when using solvents, the two rooms were open for tours during this time, in part to inform the public about the conservation effort.

In situ treatment proved to be a practical way to address the problem of six hundred square feet of deteriorated wallpaper, to make it exhibitable without an exorbitant expenditure of time or money.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I WISH TO THANK Anne Clapp for her guidance and the staff of the Longfellow National Historic Site, especially Kathy Catalano for her assistance and great interest in this project.

REFERENCES

The water soluble adhesive used to attach the upper paper to the lower also had impregnated the pigment layer of the lower causing it to transfer to the back of the upper paper.

“Acryl 60” masonry binder can be obtained from Standard Dry Wall, Bristol, Pa. It is a co-polymer emulsion based on butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. It also contains a few other additives such as an anti-foaming ingredient.

This step was done by the Restoration Carpenters at the Longfellow National Historic Site.

Various proprietary wallpaper adhesives were tested and proved satisfactory: Metylan Wallpaper Paste, Golden Harvest Non-staining Paste, Glutoline Wallpaper Paste, Rex, Sears Wallpaper Paste and Golden Harvest Vinyl Adhesive. Each adhesive was brushed on a piece of modern wallpaper and then artificially aged in an oven at 100� c. for 72 hours. Each sample was then tested after aging for folding endurance, paste solubility and general appearance. The folding endurance and appearance were similar for all the samples. The methyl cellulose samples showed greater solubility than the wheat starch paste after aging.

Obtain through a medical supply house.

Initially an 8:1 mixture of hexane/dimethyl formamide was used for cleaning. This mixture was used because our solvent tests had shown that acetone had a slight effect on the gold design when in prolonged contact with it. We found, however, by altering technique that acetone could be used safely and effectively. When we were assisted with the cleaning by members of the curatorial staff, we felt it necessary to use acetone for safety reasons even though precautionary measures had been taken when using the aforementioned solvents.

This paper was reproduced by the Birge Company, 310 Niagara Street, Buffalo, New York 14202.

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